Underwater acoustic communication over Doppler spread channels

by Trym H. Eggen Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution June 1997 This work is concerned with coherent communication by means of acoustic signals over underwater communication channels. The estimated scattering functions of real data ranging from the Arctic envi ronment to tropical waters show that underwater communication channels can not be captured by a single, simple channel model. This thesis considers mainly a subset of underwater communication channels where the Doppler spread is more severe than the delay spread. An appropriate representation of the linear timevariant channel is introduced, and the wide sense stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS) channel assumption enables characterization in terms of scattering functions. The concept of Doppler lines, which are frequency domain filters, is used in the derivation of a receiver for Doppler spread channels. The channel is simulated by means of a ray representation for the acoustic field and a time-variant FIR filter. The impact of physical ocean processes on the Doppler spread is demonstrated, and from this modeling explanations for the Doppler spread observed in real data are obtained. A decision feedback equalizer (DFE) adapted with recursive least squares (RLS) is analyzed, and its limit with respect to pure Doppler spread is found. By using the DFE with a phase locked loop (PLL) suboptimal system behavior is found, and this is verified on real data. In the case of a simple Doppler shift the cross-ambigui ty function is used to estimate the shift, and the received signal is phase rotated to compensate this before it enters the receiver. A modified RLS called the time updated RLS (TU-RLS) is presented, and it is